Also spelled Hermano Puli), was a Filipino religious leader who founded and led the Cofradía de San José (Confraternity of Saint Joseph). The cofradía was established in 1832 in response to the racially discriminatory practices of the Catholic Church in the Philippines. During the Spanish colonial period, Catholic religious orders refused to admit native Filipinos as members. In retaliation, Pule established his own religious order that was exclusive for native Filipinos. During its peak, the cofradía had 4, 500 to 5, 000 members from the provinces of Tayabas, Batangas, and Laguna. Fearing an armed rebellion, the Spanish colonial governmt st military forces to suppress the cofradía, an attack that was resisted by Hermano Pule and his followers on October 23, 1841. However, more troops were st and the cofradía was finally quelled by the colonial military forces on November 1, 1841. Pule was th captured, tried, and executed.
In Barrio Pandác in the town of Lucban in Tayabas province (now Quezon) back wh the Philippines was a colony of the Spanish Empire. His parts—Pablo de la Cruz and Juana Andres—were peasants
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In 1829, he decided to become a priest and tried to join the Order of Preachers in Manila. During those times, Roman Catholic religious orders barred indios (native people of the Philippines) from joining, thus De la Cruz's application was rejected for the sole reason of his race.
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He th decided to work as a donado (lay brother) at the San Juan de Dios Hospital where he was admitted to the Cofradía de San Juan de Dios, a brotherhood affiliated with the hospital op to indios. During this time, he improved his public speaking and studied the Bible along with other religious writings.
In December 1832, 18-year-old De la Cruz, along with indio secular priest Br. Ciriaco de los Santos and 19 other individuals from Tayabas, founded the Hermandad de la Archi-Cofradía del Glorioso Señor San José y de la Virg del Rosario (Brotherhood of the Great Sodality of the Glorious Lord Saint Joseph and of the Virgin of the Rosary), shorted to Cofradía de San José (Confraternity of St. Joseph). He th became known to his followers as Hermano Pule (Brother Pule).
The brotherhood fostered the practice of Christian virtues ctered around the cults of Saint Francis of Assisi and the Virgin of Antipolo.
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The cofradía prohibited Spaniards and mestizos from joining without Hermano Pule's permission as a form of retaliation against the Church for discriminating against natives.
Hermano Pule continued to work at the San Juan de Dios Hospital and regularly corresponded with his followers through letters, which were read aloud to the cofradía members. Some cofradía members also found time to visit Hermano Pule in Manila. In Hermano Pule's absce, the cofradía was led by hermano mayor Octavio Ygnacio Purgatorio de San Jorge
Members of the cofradía met on the 19th of each month in honor of Saint Joseph, whose feast is 19 March. They also paid monthly fees of one real to cover the cost of their monthly Masses and fiestas. The monthly Mass was held in the parish church of Lucban, and was facilitated by the parish priest, Fr. Manuel Sancho.
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In 1837, the confraternity was ramed Cofradía del Sr. San José i voto del Santísimo Rosario and evangelized in Lucban, Majayjay, and Sariaya.
The Spanish authorities were unaware of the cofradía's existce until 1840. However, as early as 1833, Filipino priests have noticed their activities in the vicinity of Mount San Cristobal and Mount Banahaw.
In 1840, Fr. Antonio Mateo, the vicar of Tayabas, became suspicious of the cofradía's monthly masses and fees, thus Fr. Manuel Sancho stopped holding Masses for the cofradía.
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Due to religious persecution and the increasing number of its members, Hermano Pule decided to have the cofradía recognized by the colonial governmt and the Catholic Church. He first sought recognition and authorization from the Bishop of Camarines but his request was died. Not discouraged, he th sought the approval of the Real Audicia but he was also ignored.
In addition to the accusations of heresy, there was a rumor that the cofradía was planning to murder the alcaldes of Camarines and Laguna.
The Franciscan friars of Tayabas passed this information to the gobernadorcillo of Lucban, who ordered a raid on October 19, 1840, during the cofradía's monthly meeting. The authorities arrested 243 cofradía members and confiscated their cash box, two large portraits of Hermano Pule depicted as a saint, and his letters to the cofradía.
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The Spanish alcalde mayor (provincial governor) of Tayabas, Don Joaquín Ortega, whose wife was a member of the cofradía, ordered the release of the prisoners, reasoning that it was an ecclesiastical matter. Afterwards, in early 1841, the cofradía transferred to Majayjay, hometown of Purgatorio de San Jorge.
Hermano Pule immediately st a letter to Archbishop José Seguí in Manila rebuking the acts of the Tayabas friars, and accusing them of beatings and threating excommunication of cofradía members. He also challged the friars' authority to perform such acts because the aims of the cofradía were never against the Catholic faith. On January 29, 1841, Pule st a letter to the Bishop of Nueva Cáceres restating that the cofradía was not against canon law. The letter was forwarded to the juez provisor of the bishopric, who dorsed it to Fr. Antonio Mateo and Fr. Manuel Sancho, who rejected Pule's petition.
In June 1841, with the help of influtial supporters (including Domingo Róxas), Pule again st a letter to the Real Audicia requesting for the cofradía to be recognized. This letter was forwarded to the office of Governor-Geral Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri.
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The Governor-Geral personally reviewed the petition and was disturbed by the cofradía's rule that excluded Spaniards and mestizos from joining without Pule's permission. This made De Oraá believe that it was a seditious organization where religion was used as a cover for pottial insurgce against Spanish authorities.
De Oraá th recommded Pule's dismissal from San Juan de Dios Hospital and had the cofradía outlawed in July 1841, ordering its disbandmt and the arrests of its members. Pule immediately wt into hiding to avoid capture.
Anticipating an immint attack, Pule and Purgatorio rallied 4, 000 followers at Barrio Isabang on the slopes of Mount Banahaw. A group of pagan Aetas from Sierra Madre also allied themselves with the cofradía.
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On October 23, 1841, alcalde mayor Joaquín Ortega, with orders from Manila, led 300 m in an attack on the cofradía's camp. The 4, 000-strong cofradía was able to resist the attack, which resulted in the deaths of Ortega and many of his m.
Pule th transferred his camp to Alitao, near Tayabas town, where his followers crowned him King of the Tagalogs. By that time, he had considered schism with the Church.
Wh the news of the Ortega's defeat reached the Governor-Geral, better-armed reinforcemts from Manila were st to Tayabas. On November 1, 1841, Col. Joaquín Huet arrived in Tayabas with 800 to 1, 000 soldiers.
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They initially offered amnesty to the members of the cofradía, with the exception of Hermano Pule and other sior leaders, but the cofradía refused. Prior to Colonel Huet's arrival, Pule and the cofradía leaders promised their followers of victory through divine intervtion. The cofradía fighters were made to believe that they were invulnerable to emy bullets, and that angels from Heav would come down and help them in battle, and finally the ground would op up and swallow the emy troops.
The battle betwe the cofradía and the governmt forces lasted four hours. Three to five hundred m, wom, elders, and childr were killed on the cofradía side. Afterwards, 500 were tak prisoner, including 300 wom. The rest of the cofradía escaped to the forests and were not pursued. Only elev were wounded on the governmt's side.
Pule fled to Barrio Gibanga in Sariaya but was captured by Colonel Huet's forces the following eving. On November 4, 1841, after a summary trial held at the Casa Comunidad in Tayabas town, he was tortured and later executed by firing squad at age 26. The Spanish authorities had his body quartered. His dismembered head, hands, and feet were exhibited throughout Tayabas province.
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The other leaders of the Cofradía—Octavio Ygnacio Purgatorio de San Jorge, Dionisio de los Reyes, Francisco Espinosa de la Cruz, Gregorio Miguel de Jesus, and around 200 other cofradía prisoners—were also executed the same day as Pule.
The 1841 Alitao massacre became a public controversy in Manila, where flyers criticizing the governmt's actions were circulated. The Real Audicia blamed De Oraá for his failure to consult them prior to sding troops, and his order to give no quarter to the cofradía fighters. Meanwhile, Governor-Geral De Oraá blamed Colonel Huet for allegedly exceeding his orders.
After investigating the massacre, the Supreme Court of Spain officially reprimanded Governor-Geral De Oraá. The court affirmed that Pule and the cofradía had no political motives. However, they acknowledged that the cofradía had committed an ecclesiastical offse for conducting religious activities without the approval of the Catholic Church.
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On January 20, 1843, members of the Spanish Armed Forces' Tayabas Regimt stationed in Manila, led by Sergeant Irineo Samaniego, rose in mutiny in retaliation for the November
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