INDIA: Dusanna (Andhra Pradesh), Jiwa, Joba (Assamese), Oru (Bengali), Jasvuah, Jasunt (Gujarati), Guthur, Jassoon, Jasum, Jasund, Jasut, Java, Odhul (Hindi), Dasavala (Malayalam), Jabakusum (Manipuri), Dasindachaphula, Jasvand, Jasund (Marathi), China pangpar, Midumpangpar (Mizoram).
About 300 species are found worldwide. Its beauty makes it one of the most widely cultivated of flowers, in brilliant hues of red, orange, or purplish-reds, with short-lived but continuing blooms.
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Means celebratory or grand. The red of the petals symbolizes the courage, life and rapid growth of the Malaysian, and the five petals represent the five Rukun Negara of Malaysia. The flower in imprinted on Malaysian ringgit notes and coins. (42)
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Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is also the unofficial national flower in Haiti, used as a symbol in the promotion of tourism. The flower is also a symbol of the Fusion of Haitian Social Democrats political party. (72)
Gumamela is an erect, much-branched, glabrous shrub, 1 to 4 meters high. Leaves are glossy green, ovate, acuminate, pointed, coarsely-toothed, 7 to 12 centimeters long, alternate, stipulate. Flowers are solitary, axillary, very large, about 10 centimeters long, and 12 centimeters in diameter. Outermost series of bracteoles are 6, lanceolate, green, and 8 millimeters long or less. Calyx is green, about 2 centimeters long, with ovate lobes. Petals are red, orange or rose-white, obovate, entire, rounded tip, and imbricate. Stamens form a long staminal tube enclosing the entire style of the pistil and protruding out of the corolla. Ovary is 5-celled, styles are 5, fused below. Fruits are capsules, loculicidally 5-valved, but rarely formed in cultivation
· The Hibiscus with five petals noted for its medicinal properties, the flowers are considered astringent. The roots contain a mucilage that is soothing on the mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts.
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Studies have suggested antifertility, cytotoxic, anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, wound healing, cardioprotective, spasmogenic, spasmolytic, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, anti-anxiety, anthelmintic, anticarcinogenesis, hair-growth promoting, neuropharmacological, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, fibrinolytic, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, antitussive, antioxidant, membrane stabilizing, hematoprotective properties.
Constituent study of flowers yielded total anthocyanin of 165 mg/kg; tannin, ascorbic acid, and total polyphenol were 11.8g/kg, 478 mg/kg, and 14.4 mg/g respectively. Screening also yielded alkaloids and saponins. (see study below)
Phytochemical screening of methanol extract of flowers yielded alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, phytosterols, phenolic compound, tannins, saponins, proteins, and amino acids. (see study below) (38)
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Phytochemical screening of leaf extracts yielded tannins (+++), combined anthraquinones (+++), cardiac glycosides (+++) and alkaloids (+) in lesser concentration. Mineral composition in mg/g showed Ca 772.57±0.01, K 181.00±0.50, P 42.38±0.01, Na 0.33±0.09 Mn 2.40±0.03. (39)
Proximate analysis of fresh leaves yielded moisture content (9.03%), protein (10.44%), fat (6.43%), crude fiber (11.55%), ash (11.22%), and carbohydrate (51.33%). Inorganic content yielded cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). (see study below) (53)
Phytochemical analysis of leaf mucilage yielded carbohydrates, reducing sugar, phenolics, and flavonoids, with absence of protein, rat, alkaloids, and saponin. (see study below) (63)
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GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract of flowers revealed the presence of fifteen compounds: ethanimidic acid, ethyl ester (31.43%), propanal, 2, 3-dihydroxy (12.58%). propanamide, N-ethyl- (10.69%), ethylenediamine (6.71%), O-methylisourea hydrogen sulfate (4.06%), Ethene, ethoxy- (3.63%), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (2.99%), 7-Formylbicyclo(4.1.0) heptanes (2.80%), 2-Butanamine, (S)- (2.72%), 1, 3, 5-Triazine-2, 4, 6-triamine (2.48%), N-Formyl-β-alanine (2.36%), (Z)6, (Z)9-Pentadecadien-1-ol (1.70%), Butanedial (1.65%), 1-Propanol, 2-methyl- (1.57%) and Methanecarbothiolic acid (1.08%) were predominant in the extract. (68)
·Poultice of leaves and flower buds applied externally to swellings; the same mixture, with the addition of lime, hastens the maturation of tumors.
· Decoction from roots of red and white-flowered plants is a Kelantan antidote for poison. Same decoction is drunk for venereal diseases and fevers.
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· In the Dutch Indies the red flowers are used to regulate menstruation; also, considered somewhat purgative and sometimes said to cause abortion
· Flowers fried in ghee, given for menorrhagia. The dark red petals are used as a mucilaginous infusion for painful urination, strangury, cystitis, and other irritable genitourinary conditions
· Hair stimulant: oil made by mixing the juice of fresh petals and olive oil in equal proportions, and boiled till the water has evaporated, used for stimulating hair growth.
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· Dye / Coloring: In Ceylon, juice of flowers reported to serve as shoe-blackening. Chinese and Hindus use the juice of petals for blackening of their eyebrows. Flowers used as food coloring.
· Fibers: Bark contains strong bast fibers. · Oil: Oil extracted from plant is used in cosmetics, soaps, and moisturizing lotions. Oil is used as perfume and as ingredient in hair products such as shampoos and conditioners. Also used in aromatherapy for its calming and relaxing properties.
• Biologic Activities: Studies have demonstrated anti-bacterial, hypotensive, antispasmodic, and chemopreventive activities. It has shown glucose lowering in diabetic rats. Leaf extract has shown to promote hair growth.
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• Post-Coital Antifertility Activity / Roots: (1) The study explored the antifertility and estrogenic activity of root extracts of H. rosa-sinensis. A strong anti-implantation and uterotropic activity was observed.
• Post-Coital Antifertility Activity / Flowers: Study of different extracts on the postcoital antifertility properties showed only the flower extracts were 100% effective in preventing pregnancy. Extracts from H mutabilis, H schizopetalus and M grandiflorus did not markedly affect pregnancy. (7)
(3) Study on wound healing showed an ethanolic extract of flowers to have greater wound healing activity than the nitrofurazone ointment. The extract treated wound showed much faster healing as indicated by improved rates of epithelization and wound contraction.
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) Study evaluated the wound healing properties of ethanolic leaves extract using various wound models. The leaf extract showed enhanced wound contraction rate and epithelization period in both excision and burn wound models and significantly increased wound breaking strength in the incision wound model. Wound healing was attributed to strong antioxidant properties. (41) • Cardioprotective / Flowers: Study evaluated the cardioprotective effect of the Hibiscus rosa sinensis flowers in an oxidative stress model of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury in rat
(4) • Spasmogenic / Spasmolytic Constituents: Presence of cholinergic and calcium channel blocking activities explains the traditional use of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in constipation and diarrhoea
(5) • Phytochemical / Hypotensive Activity: Flowers extract studies isolated four new phytoconstituents. The hydroalcoholic extract showed the most significant hypotensive activity. (6) • Hypoglycemic / Hypolipidemic Activity / Flowers:
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Study of ethanol flower extract on lipids and blood glucose of STZ-induced diabetic rats showed a lipid lowering effect (decrease cholesterol and serum triglycerides with increase in HDL) and diminution in blood glucose comparable to that of glibenclamide but through a mechanism other than insulin release. (8)
Study showed a hypolipidemic effect compared to the standard drug guggulipid. Histopath findings in rat liver supported the role of H rosa sinensis root extract in preventing cholesterol HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. (10) • Antitumor / Anticancer:
Study to investigate the ameliorative potential of H rosa sinensis extract in mice skin showed the extract of HRS exerts a protective effect against tumor promotion stage of cancer development. • Cytotoxicity / Flowers:
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Studies have showed H. rosa-sinensis flower decoction has cytotoxic properties in plant test systems. Decoction of flowers was toxic on root output and length in A. cepa and reduced the mitotic index significantly. Results suggest that H. rosa-sinensis flowers contain antimitotic constituents which stop cell division in anywhere of the cell cycle. • Excipient Potential of Mucilage:
Study concludes that a novel hydrophilic excipient, a mucilage extracted from H rosa sinensis can be used in the development of sustained-release tablets. (11) • Gentisic Acid / Tumor Inhibition / Anti-Carcinogenesis:
Study evaluated the role of gentisic acid, a chemical constituent of H. rosa-sinensis, on DBMA/croton oil-mediated carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Results suggest the gentisic acid plays a role in the modulatory activity of H. rosa-sinensis extract. (13) • Antianxiety / CNS Effect:
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Study showed statistically significant decrease in exploratory behavior, latency, and increased rearing and ambulatory behavior. Results suggest H. rosa-sinensis has significant anti-anxiety associated psychobehaviour modulation. (14) • Analgesic / Leaves:
Petroleum ether extract of leaves and flowers of HRS were studied for hair growth potential over shaved skin of albino rats. Results showed the leaf extracts exhibit more potency on hair growth. (16) • Antibacterial / Leaves and Flowers:
Study evaluated extracts of leaves and flowers against clinical isolates of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was most sensitive to extracts of flowers. Flower extracts had stronger antibacterial effects than leaves.
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Study evaluated the effect of crude extract of flowers as antifertility agent on male albino rats. Results showed changes in the germinal epithelium of the testes from mild damage to near total sloughing, and suggests a potential role as an anti-fertility agent. (
) Study evaluated the effect of various flower extracts of H. rosa-sinensis on spermatogenesis and sperm parameters on mice. Results showed adverse effect on sperm parameters and histology of testis. (43) • Effect on Androgenic Alopecia / Leaves:
Study showed an ethanolic extract of leaves to possess significant anti-androgenic alopecia activity and is comparable to standard FDA approved drug for androgenic alopecia finasteride.
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Study of a methanol extract of leaves showed dose-dependent peripheral analgesic activity in the acetic acid-induced writhing response and tail flick method. A carrageenan and dextran induced paw edema models using indomethacin as standard showed significant anti-inflammatory activity. (
Study evaluated various extracts of roots of H. rosa sinensis in pyloric ligation induced gastric ulcer
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