The ancit history of Afghanistan, also referred to as the pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan, dates back to the prehistoric era and the Indus Valley civilization around 3300–1300 BCE. Archaeological exploration began in Afghanistan in earnest after World War II and proceeded until the late 1970s during the Soviet–Afghan War. Archaeologists and historians suggest that humans were living in Afghanistan at least 50, 000 years ago, and that farming communities of the region were among the earliest in the world.
It was inhabited by the Iranic tribes and controlled by the Medes until about 500 BC wh Darius the Great (Darius I) marched with his Persian army to make it part of the Achaemid Empire. In 330 BC, Alexander the Great of Macedonia invaded the land after defeating Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Much of Afghanistan became part of the Seleucid Empire followed by the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. Seleucus I Nicator was defeated by Chandragupta Maurya and gave his daughter in peace treaty. The land was inhabited by various tribes and ruled by many differt kingdoms for the next two millniums. Before the arrival of Islam in the 7th ctury, there were a number of religions practiced in modern day Afghanistan, including Zoroastrianism, Ancit Iranian religions,
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Louis Dupree, the University of Pnsylvania, the Smithsonian Institution and others suggest that humans were living in Afghanistan at least 50, 000 years ago, and that farming communities of the region were among the earliest in the world.
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Archaeologists have found evidce of human habitation in Afghanistan from as far back as 50, 000 BC. The artifacts indicate that the indigous people were small farmers and herdsm, as they are today, very probably grouped into tribes, with small local kingdoms rising and falling through the ages.
Afghanistan seems in prehistory, as well as in ancit and modern times, to have be connected by culture and trade with the neighbouring regions. Urban civilization may have begun as early as 3000 to 2000 BC.
Archaeological finds indicate the possible beginnings of the Bronze Age, which would ultimately spread throughout the ancit world from Afghanistan. It is also believed that the region had early trade contacts with Mesopotamia.
Kultura Ng Iran
The Indus Valley civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) extding from what today is northwest Pakistan to northwest India and northeast Afghanistan.
Betwe 2000–1200 BC, a branch of Indo-European-speaking tribes known as the Aryans began migrating into the region. This is part of a dispute in regards to the Indo-Aryan migration. They split into Iranic peoples, Nuristani, and Indo-Aryan groups at an early stage, possibly betwe 1500 and 1000 BC in what is today Afghanistan or much earlier as eastern remnants of the Indo-Aryans drifted much further west as with the Mitanni. The Iranians dominated the modern day plateau, while the Indo-Aryans ultimately headed towards the Indian subcontint. The Avesta is believed to have be composed possibly as early as 1800 BC and writt in ancit Ariana (Aryana), the earliest name of Afghanistan which indicates an early link with today's Iranian tribes to the west, or adjact regions in Ctral Asia or northeastern Iran in the 6th ctury BC.
Due to the similarity betwe early Avestan and Sanskrit (and other related early Indo-European languages such as Latin and Ancit Greek), it is believed that the split betwe the old Persians and Indo-Aryan tribes had tak place at least by 1000 BC. There are striking similarities betwe Avestan and Sanskrit, which may support the notion that the split was contemporary with the Indo-Aryans living in Afghanistan at a very early stage. Also, the Avesta itself divides into Old and New sections and neither mtion the Medes who are known to have ruled Afghanistan starting around 700 BC. This suggests an early time-frame for the Avesta that has yet to be exactly determined as most academics believe it was writt over the course of cturies if not millnia. Much of the archaeological data comes from the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC and Indus Valley civilization) that probably played a key role in early Aryanic civilization in Afghanistan.
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The Indo-Aryan inhabitants of the region- mainly in the southern and eastern parts of the country were adherts of Hinduism. Notable among these were the Gandharis
The Medes, a Western Iranian people, arrived from what is today Kurdistan sometime around the 700s BC and came to dominate most of ancit Afghanistan.
They were an early tribe that forged the first empire on the prest Iranian plateau and sister-nations with the Persians whom they initially dominated in the province of Fars to the south. Median control of parts of far off Afghanistan would last until Cyrus the Great, prince of the Persians, assassinated and ultimately replaced his Median emperor father-in-law from rule.
Ugnayan Ng Wika, Kultura At Lipunan
Arachosia, Aria and Bactria were the more eastern ancit satraps of the Achaemid Empire that made up most of what is now Afghanistan during 500 B.C. The inhabitants of Arachosia were known as Pactyans, possibly today's Pakhtuns or Pashtuns.
Regardless of the debate as to where Zoroaster was from, Zoroastrianism spread to become one of the world's most influtial religions and became the main faith of the old Aryan people for cturies.
It also remained the official religion of Persia until the defeat of the Sassanian ruler Yazdegerd III—over a thousand years after its founding—by Muslim Arabs.
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In what is today southern Iran, the Persians emerged to challge Median supremacy on the Iranian plateau. By 550 BC, the Persians had replaced Median rule with their own dominion and ev began to expand past previous Median imperial borders. Both Gandhara and Kamboja Mahajanapadas of the Buddhist texts soon fell a prey to the Achaemian Dynasty during the reign of Achaemid,
Cyrus the Great (558–530 BC), or in the first year of Darius I, marking the region or of the easternmost provinces of the empire, located partly in nowadays Afghanistan. According to Pliny's evidce, Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) had destroyed Kapisa in Capisce
Which was a Kamboja city. The former region of Gandhara and Kamboja (upper Indus) had constituted sevth satrapy of the Achaemid Empire and annually contributed 170 talts of gold dust as a tribute to the Achaemids.
A Timeline Of Afghanistan's 4 Decades Of Instability
Bactria had a special position in old Afghanistan, being the capital of a vice-kingdom. By the 4th ctury BC, Persian control of outlying areas and the internal cohesion of the empire had become somewhat tuous. Although distant provinces like Bactriana had oft be restless under Achaemid rule, Bactrian troops nevertheless fought in the decisive Battle of Gaugamela in 330 BC against the advancing armies of Alexander the Great. The Achaemids were decisively defeated by Alexander and retreated from his advancing army of Greco-Macedonians and their allies. Darius III, the last Achaemid ruler, tried to flee to Bactria but was assassinated by a subordinate lord, the Bactrian-born Bessus, who proclaimed himself the new ruler of Persia as Artaxerxes (V). Bessus was unable to mount a successful resistance to the growing military might of Alexander's army so he fled to his native Bactria, where he attempted to rally local tribes to his side but was instead turned over to Alexander who proceeded to have him tortured and executed for having committed regicide.
Moving thousands of kilometers eastward from rectly subdued Persia, the Macedonian leader Alexander the Great, countered fierce resistance from the local tribes of Aria, Drangiana, Arachosia (South and Eastern Afghanistan, North-West Pakistan) and Bactria (North and Ctral Afghanistan). One of the fiercest battles that he faced was in Herat. One of his top commanding officers was killed by the rebels and he had to go there himself. He couldn't defeat them in time and he ded up burning down the forest to finish the rebellion.
Upon Alexander's death in 323 BC, his empire, which had never be politically consolidated, broke apart as his companions began to divide it amongst themselves. Alexander's cavalry commander, Seleucus, took nominal control of the eastern lands and founded the Seleucid dynasty. Under the Seleucids, as under Alexander, Greek colonists and soldiers colonized Bactria, roughly corresponding to modern Afghanistan's borders. However, the majority of Macedonian soldiers of Alexander the Great wanted to leave the east and return home to Greece. Later, Seleucus sought to guard his eastern frontier and moved Ionian Greeks (also known as Yavanas to many local groups) to Bactria in the 3rd ctury BC.
The Taliban Now Guard Afghanistan's National Museum, Where They Once Smashed Objects
Greece had one of the most advanced civilizations at that period. Wherever they wt, they left and gained something from cultures and ultimately, they had a civilization that was compromised from other top civilizations of the time. Greek m were marrying with other wom and this helped the process of mixing the cultures a lot.
While the Diadochi were warring amongst themselves, the Mauryan Empire was developing in the northern part of the Indian subcontint. The founder of the empire, Chandragupta Maurya, confronted a Macedonian invasion force led by Seleucus I in 305 BC and following a brief conflict, an agreemt was reached as Seleucus ceded Gandhara and Arachosia (ctered around ancit Kandahar) and areas south of Bagram (corresponding to the extreme south-east of modern Afghanistan)
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